Ahmed Hasim

Born into a prominent family, Hasim developed his knowledge of French literature and his fondness for poetry at Galatasaray Lyc�e in Constantinople (now Istanbul). After briefly studying law, he worked for the government tobacco offices.

Paeroa

Borough, northern North Island, New Zealand, situated along the Ohinemuri River near its junction with the Waihou. Paeroa (from a Maori word meaning �long ridge�) was founded in the early 1880s as a port for the Ohinemuri goldfield, 5 mi (8 km) southeast. Mining was shifted to the underground Komata Reefs (6 mi northeast) from 1891 to the 1930s. Gazetted a borough in 1915, Paeroa was regularly served

Difference Equation

Mathematical equality involving the differences between successive values of a function of a discrete variable. A discrete variable is one that is defined or of interest only for values that differ by some finite amount, usually a constant and often 1; for example, the discrete variable x may have the values x0 = a, x1 = a 1, x2 = a 2, . . . , xn = a n. The function y has the corresponding values y0, y1, y2, . . . , yn, from which the

Mid Suffolk

District, administrative and historic county of Suffolk, southeastern England. It occupies the central part of the county and is mainly an agricultural area of low, rolling hills. Cereals (including wheat, barley, and oats), sugar beets, cattle, and pigs are intensively raised. The district contains many small villages and medieval churches. Stowmarket, Mid Suffolk's

Beethoven, Ludwig, Van, Wider recognition

In 1810 E.T.A. Hoffmann in Berlin produced an appreciation of the Fifth Symphony, which undoubtedly did much to launch that work on its triumphant career throughout the world and, above all, to interest the Romantics in its composer. The same year, Beethoven made the acquaintance of the writer Bettina Brentano, the sister of the German poet and novelist Clemens Brentano

Hess, Moses

Hess's first published work, Heilige Geschichte der Menschheit von einem J�nger Spinozas (1837; �The Holy History of Mankind, by a Young Spinozist�), exhibited the sharp imprint not only of Benedict de Spinoza's

Ray, Jean

De Kremer worked as a city employee, from 1910 to 1919, before working as a journalist (1919 - 40). He began to publish fiction in 1925, with the short-story collection, Les Contes du whisky (1925; �Whisky's

Stuttgart

City, capital (1945) of Baden-W�rttemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany, astride the Neckar River, in a forested vineyard-and-orchard setting in historic Swabia. It lies between the Black Forest on the west and the Swabian Jura to the south. There were prehistoric settlements and a Roman fort in the area of Bad Cannstatt (a suburb), but Stuttgart itself originated as a Stuotgarten,

Teshio-sammyaku

Also called �Teshio-sanchi (Japanese: Teshio Range, or Teshio Mountain Country)� range, northwestern Hokkaido, Japan, extending southward for nearly 125 mi (200 km) from Soya-misaki (Cape Soya), across the transverse gorge of the Ishikari-gawa (Ishikari River), to the Yubari-sammyaku. The mountains consist of Cretaceous formations in the east and coal-bearing Tertiary formations in the west, both of which are zonally arranged from north to south. The interior

Digestive System, Vertebrate, Substance P

Present in significant amounts in the vagus nerves and the myenteric plexus, substance P stimulates saliva production, contraction of smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory responses in tissues, but it is uncertain whether it is other than an evolutionary vestige.

Wu Li

Wu became a convert to Catholicism and in 1681 went to Macao Island (on the southeast coast of China), where, without family obligations after the deaths of his mother and wife and the marriage of his two daughters, he entered the

Andaman And Nicobar Islands, History

Located on the trade routes from India to East Asia, the Andamans have been known from earliest times. The 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk I-ching, the Arab travelers of the 9th century, and Marco Polo are among those who mention the islands. The name Andaman most likely comes from the Malay Handuman, derived from the monkey god of Hindu mythology, Hanuman. Writings of later

Mcphee, John

After graduating from Princeton University (A.B., 1953), McPhee studied for a year at

Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.

The company as originally founded in Moji (now a part of Kita-Kyushu), Japan, by Idemitsu Sazo was a general trading company, dealing in the distribution of various goods, including such commodities as grain and such

Ito

City, Shizuoka Prefecture (ken), Honshu, Japan, on the east coast of the Izu-hanto (Izu Peninsula). Although its hot springs were discovered in the late 16th century, the city did not develop as a resort until the arrival of a railway line from Atami in 1938. Ito is now the second largest spa on the peninsula (after Atami), with almost 400 hot springs. It is also an important fishing port and market

London, Other spectator sports

June brings international tennis stars to the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Wimbledon in southern London. An earlier highspot of the sporting calendar is the spring boat race between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, rowed up the turbulent waters of the tideway from Putney to Mortlake. Since the closure of the racecourse at Alexandra Park

Rovaniemi

Town, capital of Lapin l��ni (Lappi province), northern Finland, at the junction of the Kemijoki and Ounasjoki (rivers), northeast of Tornio, on the Arctic Circle. Incorporated in 1929, it became the administrative centre of Lappi in 1939, when the government of Lapland was reorganized. Road building between 1920 and 1940 spurred its development, but near the end of World War II the retreating

Clapp, Cornelia Maria

Clapp graduated from Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1871, and after a year of teaching elsewhere she returned to Mount Holyoke as an instructor in mathematics. Later she also taught

Petermann Ranges

Low mountains extending for 200 miles (320 km) from east-central Western Australia southeast to the southwest corner of Northern Territory. A continuation of the granite and gneiss formations in the Musgrave Ranges to the southeast, the Petermanns rise to a height of 3,800 feet (1,158 metres). Visited (1874) by Ernest Giles, the mountains were named after August Petermann, a German geographer.

Gray, Asa

American botanist whose extensive studies of North American flora did more than the work of any other botanist to unify the taxonomic knowledge of plants of this region. His most widely used book, Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, from New England to Wisconsin and South to Ohio and Pennsylvania Inclusive (1848), commonly

Dehydration

Dehydration may be caused by restriction of water

Jalayirid School

School of miniature painting that flourished in Baghdad, Iraq, under the Jalayirids, a local dynasty of governors in power from 1336 to 1432. Along with their contemporaries, the Mozaffarids of southern Iran, the Jalayirid school developed a system of perspective, though in a primitive form, that had been suggested by Mongol Il-Khan paintings of the late 13th-century school

Ikire

Town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. The town lies along the road from Ibadan to Ile-Ife. A collecting point for local cash crops (cocoa and palm oil and kernels), it also serves as a trade centre for yams, maize (corn), cassava, palm produce, cotton, and kola nuts. Cotton weaving is a traditional industry of its Yoruba inhabitants. Pop. (1991 est.) 111,500.

Johansson, Christian

Johansson studied at the Royal Swedish Ballet School and in Copenhagen with August Bournonville, who was most responsible for establishing the traditions of the Royal Danish

Alem�n, Mateo

Descended from Jews who had been forcibly converted to Catholicism, Alem�n expressed many aspects of the experiences and feelings of the New Christians in 16th-century Spain. His most important literary work, Guzm�n de

Kearny, Stephen Watts

After serving in the War of 1812, Kearny spent most of the next 30 years on frontier duty. At the beginning of the Mexican War, he was ordered to lead an expedition from Fort Leavenworth, Kan., to seize New Mexico and California for the United States. Lacking

Ju�rez

The city's historic buildings include the Guadalupe mission

East Grinstead

Town (�parish�), Mid Sussex district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England, lying south of London in the wooded countryside of the Weald within easy commuting range of the metropolis. Its market charter dates to 1121, and the town centre contains old buildings, as well as modern shops that serve an extensive residential district. The Queen

Kyongju

City, Kyongsang-puk do (province), southeastern South Korea. It is 17 miles (28 km) inland from the coast of the Sea of Japan (East Sea) and 34 miles (55 km) east of the provincial capital, Taegu. The capital of the Silla kingdom (57 BC - AD 935), its ancient name was Sorabol, which means �capital.� Kyongju plain, surrounded by a double range of hills and mountains, formed a natural fortress for the city. Kyongju has

Visvakarman

(Sanskrit: �All Accomplishing�), in Hindu mythology, the architect of the gods. The name was originally used as an epithet of any powerful god but later came to personify creative power. Visvakarman is the divine carpenter and master craftsman who fashioned the weapons of the gods and built their cities and chariots. He is the architect of the mythical city, Lanka, and is also

Haley, Margaret Angela

Haley attended public and convent schools and from 1876 taught in a succession of schools around Chicago. She was an early member of the Chicago Teachers' Federation, formed in March 1897, and rose quickly in the organization to become